Reported Speech

When we report someone words we can do it in two ways. We can use direct speech with quotation marks, or we can use report speech.

Examples:

"He said (that) it had been rainig heavily these days."
"They said (that) they had arrived there by the early bus that morning."

Compound nouns/ Have/ get something done

• Compound nouns

Words can be combined to form compound nouns. These are very common, and new combinations are invited almost daily.

Examples:

policeman
boyfriend
bedroom

• Have/ get something done

This construction is passive in meaning. It describes situations when me want someone else to do something for us.

Examples:

I must have / get my haircut.
When are you going to get that window.

The vs no article/ Indirect Question

• The

Before nouns of which there is only one.
Before a noun which has become definite as a result of being mentioned a second time.
Before names of seas, rivers, chains of montains, groups of islands and plural names of countries.

Examples:

The earth is round.
We saw a good film last night. It was the film  your recommended.
The Pacific Ocean.

• No article

We do not use an article when we talk about plural nouns when we are talking generally.

Examples:
Dogs are very intelligent animals.
Companies spend lots of money in adverstising.

• Indirect Question

We use indirect question when we want to make more polite questions. They have an opening phrase before the main question.

Examples:

Where can I buy a good computer?
-Can you tell me where I can buy a good computer?
Are there any internet cafes around here?
-Do you know if there are any internet cafes around here?

Present Perfect

•  Present Perfect

We use the Present Perfect to say that an action happened at an unspecified time before now. The exact time is not important.

• Just: a short time ago
• Already: before you expected.
• yet: until now (negatives).

 Examples:

You have seen that movie many times.
Have you seen that movie many times?
You have not seen that movie many times.

• Present Perfect  Progressive

Describes an action that began in the past, continues in the present, and may continue in the future.

Examples:
 You have been waiting here for two hours.
Have you been waiting here for two hours?
You have not been waiting here for two hours

• Present Perfect Simple

The present perfect simple expresses an action that is still going on or that stopped recently, but has an influence on the present. It puts emphasis on the result.

 Examples:

Have you finished the job? No, I haven't finished yet. Yes, I have already finished. She's just finished her job.